This quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of bottom-up and top-down instructional approaches on English as a foreign language (EFL) vocabulary recall and retention. To this end, 44 high school students from two intact classes were assigned to bottom-up (n = 21) and top-down (n = 23) groups. The participants were exposed to 20 hours of explicit vocabulary instruction during 10 weeks ...

In response to Kobele et al. (2012), we evaluate four ways of linking the processing difficulty of sentences to the behavior of the top-down parser for Minimalist grammars developed in Stabler (2012). We investigate the predictions these four metrics make for a number of relative clause constructions, and we conclude that at this point, none of them capture the full range of attested patterns.

The present study aimed to examine any possible relevance of perfectionism as a personal trait variable, in moderating the effectiveness of meta-cognitive instruction on bottom-up and top-down sub-processes of listening comprehension with a sample of EFL learners in Iranian context. To this end, 94 female EFL learners were selected from among 136 EFL learners at Andisheh Language Institute in M...

background and aim: aging is accompanied with changes in cognitive capacities. in spite of advances in neural imaging technologies, there is not a straightforward method to observe cognitive functions. for assessing brain functions, researchers mainly use psychometric tests. the aim of this study was using consonant-vowel (cv) dichotic test as a non-invasive behavioral test for auditory attenti...