Fusarium is a fungus that is commonly found as saprophytes with parasitic life on some living organisms. Mycoprotein or fungus proteins with physical and chemical features are known as food in recent years. When they are involved in temperature and wet stress, release materials such as mycotoxins or fungus toxins remained in food. Zearalenone and dependent compounds have distinct role in many f...

Botulinum toxin (Botox) is a neurotoxin drug that used in wide range of cosmetic and treatment applications. This literature review provides an overview the mechanism its effects. The popularity usage has been tremendously increasing since it minimally invasive procedure. Application primarily utilized for purposes, to treat disorders, as surgery alternative. myths such frozen face have elabora...

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is a human foodborne syndrome caused by the consumption of that accumulate paralytic toxins (PSTs, saxitoxin group). In PST-producing dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium spp., toxin synthesis encoded in nuclear genome via gene cluster ( sxt ). Toxin production supposedly associated with presence 4th domain sxtA sxtA4 ), one core genes PST cluster. It postulat...

Botulinum toxin is an extraordinarily potent molecule that has an unusually long duration of action. Despite this, there is little information available on natural mechanisms for metabolism or elimination and virtually no information on pharmacologically induced mechanisms for metabolism and elimination. Therefore, a number of experiments were performed on laboratory animals that addressed two ...

The immunodominant determinant of Pseudomonas toxin A was shown to cross-react with a normally inaccessible determinant in fragment A of diphtheria toxin. Trypsin-treated diphtheria toxin and fragment A of diphtheria toxin inhibited binding of toxin A antibody to whole toxin A, whereas whole diphtheria toxin did not inhibit this reaction. However, even at the lowest stringency no hybridization ...

in this study, mutant forms of bacillus thuringiensis spp. israelensis (h14) were produced. these mutants were identified when the cells were cultured on chloramphenicol plates and stained with crystal violet. protoplasts of the mutants were isolated by enzymatic digestion (lysozyme) of the cell walls at the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. the protoplasts were induced to fuse to each other i...

T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced when Fusarium fungi infect grains, especially oats and wheat. Ingestion of T-2 toxin contaminated grain can cause diarrhea, hemorrhaging, and feed refusal in livestock. Cereal crops infected with mycotoxin-producing fungi form toxin glycosides, sometimes called masked mycotoxins, which are a potential food safety concern because they are not detec...

Iota toxin is produced by Clostridium perfringens type E. This toxin causes antibiotic-associated enterotoxemia in lambs and calves. Iota toxin is a binary toxin that has two components including Ia (the enzyme component) and Ib (the binding component). Ib binds to the surface receptor of target cells and translocate Ia into the cytosol of cells. The aim of this study was to clone toxigenic epi...