In design and analysis, standard references assume the pedestrian flow as unidirectional. In reality however, pedestrian flow is usually bi-directional. The main question pursued in this paper is that whether the main characteristics of pedestrian flow the same under uni- and bi-directional conditions. In order to achieve this goal, effect of bi-directional stream is inv...

As technology advances, the demand for automated systems has increased exponentially. The development of robotic made it possible to explore and operate in remote hazardous environments. One such application is inspection underground pipelines, which requires a mobile robot that can traverse inside pipeline, inspecting repairing any damage may occur. For rover, diameter pipe required minimum 27...

The paper describes two algorithms for threading unknown, finite directed Eulerian mazes. Each of these algorithms is performed by a traveling robot whose control is a finite-state automaton. It is assumed that each vertex has a circular list of its outgoing edges. The items of this list are called exits. Each of the algorithms puts in one of the exits of each vertex a scan pebble. These pebble...

Traversing psychological distance involves going beyond direct experience, and includes planning, perspective taking, and contemplating counterfactuals. Consistent with this view, temporal, spatial, and social distances as well as hypotheticality are associated, affect each other, and are inferred from one another. Moreover, traversing all distances involves the use of abstraction, which we def...