We develop networks using the syllables (both base syllables and tonal syllables) and characters of Chinese. The nodes (vertices) of the networks represent the syllables of the syllable network and the characters of the character network respectively. The links (edges) are established between any two syllables (or two characters) that form part of one or more words. We use two dictionaries to p...

In this paper we present an approach to modeling emergent syllable systems using simulated evolution of a “vocabulary” of “words.” The model is aimed at testing the general hypothesis that language-universal sound patterns emerge from selection pressures exerted on the system by the perceptual and articulatory constraints of language users. The model is able to distinguish between hypotheses ab...

BACKGROUND Behçet's disease (BD) characterized by multisystemic disorders has many kinds of ocular involvement. We report one case of BD with unusual neutrophil infiltration under a soft contact lens (SCL). CASE A 31-year-old woman diagnosed as having BD exhibited bilateral recurrent phlyctenular keratitis and finally developed corneal perforation in the cornea of her right eye. OBSERVATION...

Purpose. To investigate the effect of tear protein deposition on the change in oxygen permeability (Dk) of soft contact lenses (SCL). Methods. Three hydrogel lenses (polymacon, nelfilcon A, and etafilcon A) and two silicon hydrogel lenses (lotrafilcon A and balafilcon A) were investigated. Etafilcon A lenses were incubated in artificial tear solution for 1, 6, 12, and 48 h, whereas the other SC...

A new formulation as well as a new solution technique is proposed for an equilibrium path-following method in two-dimensional quasi-static frictional contact problems. We consider the classical Coulomb friction law as well as geometrical nonlinearity explicitly. Based on a criterion of maximum dissipation of energy, we propose a formulation as a mathematical program with complementarity constra...

A new formulation as well as a new solution technique is proposed for an equilibrium path-following method in two-dimensional quasistatic frictional contact problems. We consider the Coulomb friction law as well as geometrical nonlinearity explicitly. Based on a criterion of maximum dissipation of energy, we propose a formulation as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints (MPEC)...

The structural elements of the prosodic hierarchy and the ways in which phonological generalisations make reference to them are investigated. Assuming, as argued, that these elements constitute a universal set of primitives, the different types (categories) of such elements, especially the syllable, are examined more closely. Specifically, the traditional weight dichotomy of ‘heavy’ vs. ‘light’...

In this paper, first the validity of 3-D DDA is examined by comparing its solution for dynamic block displacement with analytical solution. Displacement of a single block on an inclined plane subjected to a dynamic loading is studied for analytical solution with respect to the frictional resistance offered by the inclined slope. 3-D DDA predicts accurately the analytical displacements. The modi...