the present study concerned with the development and characterization of metronidazole microcapsules prepared by thermal change method using different ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:4) of ethyl cellulose in order to select the best microcapsule formulation with a good encapsulation efficiency and drug release profile. the obtained microcapsules were discrete, spherical with free flowing properties and ...

When conducting vaginal irritation studies, ovariectomized rats or rabbits are typically used according to practical reports. In the present study, we evaluated the influence of the estrus cycle in a vaginal irritation study using intact rats and ovariectomized rats, which exhibit a late diestrus-like condition, to determine whether intact rats can be useful for evaluating vaginal irritancy. Ra...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of the antimicrobial peptide, lactocin 160. METHODS Lactocin 160, a product of vaginal probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus 160 was evaluated for toxicity and irritation. An in vitro human organotypic vaginal-ectocervical tissue model (EpiVaginal) was employed for the safety testing by determining the exposure time to reduce tissue viability to 50% (ET-50). Hemol...

Main results 9 studies met the selection criteria. 8 studies examined the accuracy of 9 different symptoms for predicting the presence of UTI. 4 symptoms and 1 sign increased the probability of UTI (table 1). 4 symptoms and 1 sign decreased the probability of UTI (table 2), of which history of vaginal discharge and history of vaginal irritation were the most powerful. 1 study examined combinati...

OBJECTIVES To document the microscopic features of vaginal candidiasis and to examine the relation between yeast morphology and patient symptomatology. METHOD The study population comprised women undergoing screening for genital infection at a department of genitourinary medicine. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Data were collected on 267 women of whom 234 were found to have vaginal candidiasis by vagin...

OBJECTIVES To determine whether assessment of all moderate-to-severe symptoms at baseline gives a more accurate evaluation of the treatment effect of ospemifene in vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) than the most bothersome symptom (MBS) approach. METHODS Data were pooled from two pivotal phase-III clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of oral ospemifene 60 mg/day for the treatment of sy...

Bacterial vaginosis is a prevalent state of dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota with wide-ranging impact on human reproductive health. Based on recent insights in community ecology of the vaginal microbiome, we hypothesize that sustained vaginal DL-lactic acid enrichment will enhance the recruitment of lactobacilli, while counteracting bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria. We therefore aimed...

The HET-CAM (Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane) assay is an in vitro alternative to the in vivo Draize Rabbit Eye test that mimics vascular changes in the chorioallantoic membrane. This qualitative method assesses the irritancy potential of chemicals. The CAM responds to injury with an inflammatory process similar to that in the rabbit eye's conjunctival tissue. Regarding topical toxicity...