The genus Viola (Violaceae) consists of approximately 500 species widely distributed throughout the world. In Pakistan, seventeen (17) different species of viola are abundantly found. Traditional healers have been patronizing various species of this genus in numerous disorders since time immemorial. Some of them are already validated scientifically such as antifungal antibacterial, antiplasmodi...

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Viola elatior (Violaceae) is a Eurasian perennial plant species in which French populations are threatened by anthropogenic pressures. Microsatellite primers were developed to investigate its genetic structure and diversity. METHODS AND RESULTS Eight microsatellite markers were isolated using next-generation sequencing. Loci were amplified and screened for 138 individuals...

In vitro multiplication is an important tissue culture technique that capable of efficiently producing seedlings at any scale. It a propagation method based on the aseptic small propagules in suitable medium to enable plant regeneration. Multiplication experiments conducted set protocols adapted wild Manihot species have used modified mineral salts and MS vitamins as basic medium. Here, 25 trea...

This thesis focuses on a large family of cyclic mini-proteins, namely the cyclotides, which have been discovered in a range of plants over the past decade. Around 50 cyclotide sequences have been published to date but the family is estimated to comprise hundreds or thousands of members. Most cyclotides consist of approximately 30 amino acids and have a unique and extremely stable three-dimensio...