in the timurid period, the emirs were mostly turkish-mongol and the viziers were iranian. the non-distinction between the civil and military affairs and the power and authority of the emirs and the attempts of the iranian bureaucrats in maintaining their own interests, had prepared the ground for the permanent conflict and competition between them. the long vizierate period of khawja qiyāth al-...

Kâmil Paşa, Osmanlı bürokratları içerisinde ketum bir kişiliğe sahip olmasına rağmen, kendi düşüncelerini yazıya dökebilen ender kişilerden birisidir. Paşa’nın ilk sadareti II. Abdülhamit zamanındadır. Yazdığı arizalar, layihalar, mektuplar ve hatıratı ile dile getirmiş aynı zamanda da yaşadığı dönem hakkında bilgi vermiştir. Paşa dört kez sadaretine getirilmiş, bunlardan en uzunu ise olmuştur....

during the medieval iranian history, many of courtiers were aware of medicine. by the thirteenth and fourteenth century, under mongol yoke, a lot of minorities emancipated of abasid caliphate ties and could perform his religious deed. because of his jewish affiliation, rashid al-dincould join as an apothecary in the mongolian circles. large though mongol numbers were, they employed iranian sage...

Among the least studied issues in history of Sultanate Mamluks, there are principles and dynamics Mamluks’ interaction with administrative system represented by local elite. The article considers connected transformation Mamluk which took place during Burji period (1382–1517). As early as thirteenth — fourteenth centuries, a gradual displacement representatives civilian population from various ...