Geothermal energy has been harnessed and used for domestic heating in Iceland. In wells that are typically drilled to a depth of 1,500 to 2,000 m, the temperature of the source water is 50 to 130 degrees C. The bottoms of the boreholes can therefore be regarded as subterranean hot springs and provide a unique opportunity to study the subterranean biosphere. Large volumes of geothermal fluid fro...

Groundwater contamination by fluoride (F) can result from the natural dissolution of minerals from subterranean strata. These inorganic contaminant in drinking water is known to cause serious health problems when the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) exceed 1.5 mg/L. The aim of this study was to correlate the high fluoride content in the groundwater of the region to the geochemistry of the water...

[O]ne of the deepest and most enduring preoccupations, both of the sick and of the medical profession, from the baths of antiquity through to the Victorian deluge of “hydros,” has been water. . . . the pernicious potential of standing waters, humid vapors, excessive rainfall, pestilential miasmatic fogs, and subterranean aqueous abysses . . . the curative powers of water . . . engendering feroc...

Data on new specimens of the rare subterranean catfish Phreatobius cisternarum are reported. Specimens were collected from hand-dug wells in the region of the mouth of the Amazon river, Brazil. A revised diagnosis of Phreatobius is proposed, and P. cisternarum is redescribed on the basis of new and previously available material. Included are data on coloration, both in life and preserved, SEM o...

Europe's obligate cave-dwelling amphibian Proteus anguinus inhabits subterranean waters of the north-western Balkan Peninsula. Because only fragments of its habitat are accessible to humans, this endangered salamander's exact distribution has been difficult to establish. Here we introduce a quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction-based environmental DNA (eDNA) approach to detect the pr...

today, many of the subterranean and the threat of environmental pollution have been exposed tehran's why environmental studies and water quality monitoring subterranean as urban planning and management is an important issue. the purpose is of this research, monitoring water quality across the east tehran subterranean of environmental indicators. the research method to collect data primaril...

Strains of the entomopathogens Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin were screened for effectiveness against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Shiraki). Biological control methods are being considered to augment current integrated pest management schemes that involve chemical baits and nonrepellent termiticides. In this...