We consider neighborhood search defined on combinatorial optimization problems. Suppose that N is a Neighborhood for combinatorial optimization problem X. We say that N′ is LO-equivalent (locally optimal) to N if for any instance of X, the set of locally optimal solutions with respect to N and N′ are the same. The union of two LO-equivalent neighborhoods is itself LO-equivalent to the neighborh...

Objective. The purpose of this article is to explore the additive and moderating effects of neighborhood context on substance use among youth. Methods. Using a regional sample of adolescents and matching the data to Census tracts, we use hierarchical linear modeling to examine the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and neighborhood instability on alcohol and marijuana use while cont...

This study examines both objective and subjective assessments of neighborhood conditions, exploring the overlap between different sources of information on neighborhoods and the relative strength of their association with adult self-rated health. Data on perceived neighborhood quality from Wave IV (2001/2002) of the nationally representative U.S. Americans Changing Lives study are merged with n...

This study examines how the neighborhood environments experienced over multiple generations of a family influence parents’ educational expectations and aspirations, children’s cognitive skills, and children’s health. Building on recent research showing strong continuity in neighborhood environments across generations of family members, we argue for a revised perspective on “neighborhood effects...

he main purpose of this research is to answer the question that "How neighborhood of Iran's trading partners will have an effect on Iran intra-industry trade? For this purpose, the impact of spatial neighborhood effects of 23 major trade partners on Iran’s intra-industry trade for the period of 1995-2014, has been investigated through Spatial Panel Econometric and Maximum Likelihood Estimator (...

This article explores the boundaries of neighborhoods as subjectively constructed by 37 adolescents and 33 parents across four census-defined block groups in a Western city. We examine the degree of consensus among participants on the spatial boundaries of their neighborhoods, the stability of participants’ subjectively constructed neighborhood definitions, and the overlap between subjectively ...