Abstract The European Union (EU) has been using economic sanctions both as a foreign policy tool and liberal alternative to military action. Since 2006, it implementing general against the whole economy of Iran, affecting their trade relations, since 2007, following imposition by UN Security Council, also smart targeting Iranian entities natural persons associated with country's activities. In ...

Çalışma, elektrik tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki asimetrik etkisini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, Türkiye ekonomisinin 2005-2020 dönemi verileri çalışma kapsamına dahil edilmiştir. Ekonometrik analizde, çeyreklik veriler yardımıyla iki farklı yöntem uygulanmıştır. Analizin tahmin gücünü arttırmak amacıyla sanayi üretim endeksinin bağımsız değişken olarak kullanıldığı ve b...

The paper features an examination of the link between behaviour FTSE 100 and S&P500 Indexes in both autoregressive distributed lag ARDL, plus a nonlinear NARDL framework. attraction is that it represents simplest method available modelling combined short- long-run asymmetries. bounds testing framework adopted means can be applied to stationary non-stationary time series vectors, or combinat...

This paper analyzes the nexus between energy consumption, financial development, and economic growth in twenty-one (21) sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations by using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) framework from 1990Q1 to 2014Q4. First, study reveals that consumption development have asymmetrical impacts on most countries short long term. Second, positive shocks favor only a few ...

Tourism is one of the most important sectors Indonesian economy because it mainstay in obtaining foreign exchange, which expected to increase economic growth. However, along with its positive impact on growth, expansion tourism industry also a significant contribution rising CO2 emissions and energy consumption. This study focuses assessing sector as proxied by number international tourist visi...

This study aims to test the symmetric and asymmetric impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on growth for time period 2011M1–2020M5 in Pakistan, using linear nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) approach. Unlike other studies, we aim estimate recently developed EPU index by Baker et al. (Q J Econ 131(4):1593–1636, 2016). The (NARDL) model results show that positive shocks have ...

The 3–6 percent inflation target is a policy rule used by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB) to fulfil its statutory obligation of ensuring low and stable environment reaction function assesses how responds deviations from target. We rely on nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) models estimate asymmetric preferences which has during rising falling episodes inflation. Using quart...