Many ad hoc network protocols (e.g., routing, service discovery, etc.) use flooding as the basic mechanism to propagate control messages. In flooding, a node transmits a message to all of its neighbors. The neighbors in turn transmit to their neighbors and so on until the message has been propagated to the entire network. Typically, only a subset of the neighbors is required to forward the mess...

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of flooding on two tomato cultivars and two wild related species. Forty days old tomato plants were subjected to a continuous flooding stress of different durations: 0, 2, 4 and 8 days. Plant pots were placed inside larger plastic pots; they were irrigated with excessive quantity of tap water at 25C so that the level of water above...

Flooding is one of the most fundamental operations in mobile ad hoc networks. Different from broadcast that requires a broadcast routing for transmission of large amount data, flooding is the one-off operation which is usually used for dissemination of control packets. Most of the major routing protocols rely on flooding for disseminating route discovery, route maintenance, and topology update ...

Flooding is a simple routing technique that can be used to transmit data from one node to every other node in a network. The focus of this paper is to investigate improvements to flooding techniques used in ad hoc wireless networks. Recent work has focused on using topological information to reduce the number of broadcasts. The number of broadcasts necessary to flood the network was the major p...

Out of all the natural disasters, floods are the most common in both developed and developing countries, accounting for approximately 40% of all natural disasters [1,2]. Flooding has severe implications on human health before, during, and after the onset of a flood. Southeast Asia is a region that is especially prone to frequent and severe natural disasters [3]. The Association of Southeast Asi...

Climate change is increasingly exacerbating existing population health hazards, as well as resulting in new negative health effects. Flooding is one particularly deadly example of its amplifying and expanding effect on public health. This systematic review considered evidence linking green building strategies in the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design® (LEED) Rating System with the po...

In the UK, flooding is responsible for significant losses to the economy due to the impact on businesses, the vast majority of which are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Businesses of this nature tend to lack formal plans to aid their response to and recovery from disruptive events such as flooding. This paper reports on work on how an agent-based model (ABM) is being developed based on int...

Flooding in wireless ad hoc networks is a fundamental and critical operation in supporting various applications and protocols. However, the traditional flooding scheme generates excessive redundant packet retransmissions, causing contention, packet collisions and ultimately wasting precious limited bandwidth and energy. In this paper, we propose an efficient flooding protocol called vertex forw...

CO2 flooding process as a common enhanced oil recovery method may suffer from interface instability due to fingering and gravity override, therefore, in this study a method to improve the performance of CO2 flooding through an integrated ultraosund-CO2 flooding process is presented. Ultrasonic waves can deliver energy from a generator to oil and affect its properties such as internal energy and...

We assessed the biomass production, biomass allocation patterns, height growth, and root airspace of seventeen wetland plant taxa, including two potentially invasive species, grown under high nutrient conditions and subjected to four hydrologic regimes: constant drawdown, cyclic flooding and drawdown, cyclic flooding and drought, and constant flooding for the duration of the experiment ( 10 wee...