Several studies have shown that animals can learn to make specific use of intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of sensory cortex within behavioral tasks. Here, we investigate how the focal, artificial activation by ICMS leads to a meaningful, behaviorally interpretable signal. In natural learning, this involves large-scale activity patterns in widespread brain-networks. We therefore trained ge...

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of a localized site in the somatosensory cortex of rats and monkeys for 2{6 hours produces a large increase in the cortical representation of the skin region represented by the ICMS-site neurons before ICMS, with very little eeect on the ICMS-site neuron's RF location, RF size, and responsiveness (Recanzone et al., 1992). The \EXIN" (aaerent excitatory and ...

Inner cell masses (ICMs) immunosurgically-isolated from 31/2-day mouse blastocysts were examined for trophoblast cell contamination and developmental capacity. Blastocysts were preincubated in rabbit anti-mouse antiserum, washed thoroughly and then incubated in complement. The ICMs were then easily dissected by drawing through a fine pipette. Various experiments confirmed that the trophectoderm...

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is one of the most widely employed techniques for providing causal evidence of the relationship between neuronal activity and specific motor, perceptual, or even cognitive functions. In recent years, several new types of linear multielectrode silicon probes have been developed, allowing researchers to sample neuronal activity at different depths along the s...

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is a powerful tool to investigate the functional role of neural circuits and may provide a means to restore sensation for patients for whom peripheral stimulation is not an option. In a series of psychophysical experiments with nonhuman primates, we investigate how stimulation parameters affect behavioral sensitivity to ICMS. Specifically, we deliver ICMS t...

The specific aims of this study were to: 1) investigate the encoding of forelimb muscle activity timing and magnitude by corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells, 2) test the stability of primary motor cortex (M1) output to forelimb muscles under different task conditions, and 3) characterize input/output relationships associated with different intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) methods. Neuronal reco...

Although neural responses to sound stimuli have been thoroughly investigated in various areas of the auditory cortex, the results electrophysiological recordings cannot establish a causal link between neural activation and brain function. Electrical microstimulation, which can selectively perturb neural activity in specific parts of the nervous system, is an important tool for exploring the org...

Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3 1/2- and 4 1/2-day mouse blastocysts and inserted into empty zonae before transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. The ICMs survived in the oviduct for at least 2 days with little evidence of reduction in cell number. After 1 day, isolated 3 1/2-day ICMs were still viable, since they could form chimaeras when injected into 3 1/2-day blastoc...

Inner cell masses (ICMs) were dissected from 3%and 4^-day mouse blastocysts and inserted into empty zonae before transfer to the oviducts of pseudopregnant mice. The ICMs survived in the oviduct for at least 2 days with little evidence of reduction in cell number. After 1 day, isolated 3-J-day ICMs were still viable, since they could form chimaeras when injected into 3^-day blastocysts. However...

How emergency departments of different levels and types cope with a large-scale contagious infectious disease is unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the response of 100 emergency departments regarding use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and implementation of infection control measures (ICMs) during the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Taiwan. Emergency department workers in...