OBJECTIVE To understand associations of punitive policies to the population prevalence of injection drug users and to HIV seroprevalence among injectors. DESIGN AND METHODS A lagged-cross-sectional analysis of metropolitan statistical area data. Estimates of drug injectors per capita and of HIV seroprevalence among injectors in 89 large US metropolitan areas were regressed on three measures o...

OBJECTIVE To examine HIV risk behavior and HIV infection among new injectors in Tallinn, Estonia. Design and methods Data from two cross-sectional surveys of injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited from a syringe exchange program (N = 162, Study 1) or using respondent driven sampling (N = 350, Study 2). Behavioral surveys were administered; serum samples were collected for HIV testing. Subjects w...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this secondary analysis was to explore differences in baseline clinical characteristics and opioid replacement therapy treatment outcomes by type (heroin, opioid analgesic [OA], or combined [heroin and OA]) and route (injector or non-injector) of opioid use. METHOD A total of 1,269 participants (32.2% female) were randomized to receive one of two study medications (...

the manner of spray the fuel has an important effect on stability and convenient mixture of fuel and oxidizer. swirl injectors because of formation of uniform spray cone and proper distribution of the fuel have been used in many rocket engines at aerospace industries. formation and development of air core in the interior stream of swirl injectors and simulation of them is complicated. double ba...

Knowledge of prevalence of illegal drug injection can aid the design and evaluation of services for problem drug users. In this study, prevalence of recent injectors in Spain was estimated with a multiplier method using the number of injectors in a population register of new HIV diagnoses, HIV incidence among injectors from cohort studies and HIV prevalence among injectors in a drug treatment r...

STUDY OBJECTIVE The aim was to quantify all cause mortality among injecting drug users. DESIGN This was a retrospective analysis of 1989 data on injecting drug users and mortality obtained from three independent agencies: the Procurator Fiscal's Office, the General Register Office, and the Scottish HIV-test register. SETTING Greater Glasgow, Scotland. SUBJECTS Drug injectors, estimated po...

Illicit opioid use in Canada and elsewhere increasingly involves a variety of opioids and non-injection routes of administration. Injection and non-injection opioid users tend to differ in various key characteristics. From a public health perspective, non-injection routes of opioid use tend to be less harmful due to lesser morbidity and mortality risks. Our study compared current injectors (80%...

In this paper a large family of dominant Fitting classes of finite soluble groups and the description of the corresponding injectors are obtained. Classical constructions of nilpotent and Lockett injectors as well as p-nilpotent injectors arise as particular cases. 1994 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc.): primary 20D10.

INTRODUCTION New injectors / younger drug users are an important population to target for intervention because they are often at especially high risk of HIV and HCV infection. We examined HIV prevalence and gender differences in HIV prevalence and risk behavior among new injection-drug-users in Tallinn, Estonia. METHODS Respondent driven sampling (RDS) interview surveys and HIV testing were c...

Objective This study examined the association between the route of drug administration and being hospitalized for infective endocarditis among 4817 treatment-seeking illicit drug users in Finland. Methods Cox regression models were used to examine the association between the route of drug administration and infective endocarditis hospitalization, adjusted for age, gender, and homelessness. Ca...