Motorcycles are a luxury in the developed world, where they are used mostly for recreation. Whereas in developing countries, motorcycles are required for utilitarian purposes due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. It is estimated that in 2016 there will be more than 134 million motorcycles worldwide [1], 60-80% of which are in the Asia Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions. In 20...

Establishment of emission standards is an important measure for controlling vehicle exhaust. This study examined the emission factors of air pollutants from 40 four-stroke motorcycles of various emission standard phases, ages, and mileage. Based on the emission standards, the motorcycles were divided into three groups (Phases III, IV and V). Regulated air pollutants (CO, HC, and NOx), CO2, and ...

PURPOSE Drivers adopt smaller safety margins when pulling out in front of motorcycles compared with cars. This could partly account for why the most common motorcycle/car accident involves a car violating a motorcyclist's right of way. One possible explanation is the size-arrival effect in which smaller objects are perceived to arrive later than larger objects. That is, drivers may estimate the...

OBJECTIVES We assessed whether policies designed to safeguard young motorcyclists would be effective given shifts in ownership toward high-powered motorcycles. METHODS We investigated population-wide motor vehicle driver and motorcyclist casualties (excluding passengers) recorded in Britain between 2002 and 2009. To adjust for exposure and measure individual risk, we used the estimated number...

In recent years, increasing concerns regarding the energy costs and environmental effects of urban motorcycle use have spurred the development of hydrogen-electric motorcycles in Taiwan. Although gasoline-powered motorcycles produce substantial amounts of exhaust and noise pollution, hydrogen-electric motorcycles are highly energy-efficient, relatively quiet, and produce zero emissions, feature...

Five urban, uncontrolled T-intersections known to be motorcycle crash 'black spots' were monitored using instrumentation and a roadside observer. Two sets of twelve-hour observations were collected for each site (N≈100,000). Instrumentation recorded the 'events' of vehicles passing to measure, speed, direction, lane position, vehicle type (broadly characterised) and headway. Observers further r...

1 Both perceptual errors (failing to perceive) and appraisal errors (failing to make a correct judgment about 2 safety) could explain the relatively high number of pulling out at the junctions involving approaching 3 motorcycles in relation to cars. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of 4 exposure to motorcycles on these types of errors by comparing drivers from Malaysia w...

as motorcycles are named as one of the important air pollution emission sources in tehran, investigating their emission performance and finding a solution for reducing their emission is of high importance. in this study, emission factors from 60 motorcycles from tehran’s present fleet and 4 closed loop injection fuel supply system and catalytic converter equipped motorcycles were measured. meas...

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the low visibility of motorcycles is the result of their low cognitive conspicuity and/or their low sensory conspicuity for car drivers. BACKGROUND In several cases of collision between a car and a motorcycle, the car driver failed to detect the motorcyclist in time to avoid the collision. METHOD To test the low cognitive conspicuity h...