after alzheimer disease, parkinson disease (pd) is considered the most common neurodegenerative disease. its prevalence is the same in all area but it is common in males than females. from every 100 persons who are above 60 years old, one of them has pd. also 5-10% of patients are less than 40 years old. this progressive neuroinflammation disease isn’t fatal. in 60% of cases is with depression....

background: parkinson’s disease (pd) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing motor and non‑motor symptoms. the latter are common and include autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and sleep difficulties. many of the non‑motor aspects of pd such as sleep disturbance are more common and significantly affect the day‑to‑day activities of patients and their quality of life. the mos...

background: many patients with parkinson diseases are faced with constant attention disorders and evaluation of these disorders in these patients is important. methods : a cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 patients with parkinson disease and 80 healthy iranian people aged 40 to 70. all participants in the two groups of healthy and patients were examined by neurologists and psychiatrists...

background: parkinson's disease as a progressive disorder of the nervous system leads to the disability of postural control system. objectives: in the present study the effects of pilates exercises on functional balance in patients with parkinson's was investigated. materials and methods: this control trial included 30 patients with idiopathic parkinson's disease who were selecte...

ôbjective: previous studies reported that individuals with parkinson’s disease are less likely to have smoking history and it seems that nicotine has a neuroprotective effect. the authors have conducted a case-control retrospective study to determine if there is an association between cigarette smoking and parkinson’s disease. methods: ïn a matched case-control study, 92 individuals with parkin...

conclusions this study estimated that the prevalence of major depression among iranian individuals with pd living in kermanshah as 44%. major determinants of depression were female gender, rigidity, impaired posture, masked face, hyposmia, and anhedonia. results a total of 350 patients (52.9% men and 47.1% women) participated in this investigation. female gender (36.5% in women vs. 13.0% in men...

abstract   background: to improve the debilitating features of parkinson disease (pd) different medical and surgical approaches are available. subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (stn-dbs) was appeared to be a promising method during last two decades. this study aimed to evaluate early motor outcomes of this procedure in first trial of iranian patients .   methods: thirty-seven consecuti...

background: looking in literature reveals that aging is accompanied by olfactory dysfunction and hyposmia/anosmia is a common manifestation in some neurodegenerative disorders. olfactory dysfunction is regarded as non-motor manifestations of parkinson disease (pd). the main goal of this study was to examine the extent of olfactory dysfunction in persian pd patients. methods: we used seven types...

parkinson's disease (pd) is a very common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly population. current treatments for parkinson’s disease are based on symptom therapy but not the underlying cause of the disease. this disorder is caused neuronal death which triggers the activation of resident glial cells. this situation leads to neuroinflammation in the central nervous system. activated ...

background & aim: parkinson's disease (pd) can be created with loss of dopaminergic substantial nigra neurons which is widely associated with oxidative stress and reduced glutathione (gsh), as the most important and abundant thiol in tissues and one of the antioxidant defense, is one of the earliest biochemical events related to parkinson's and consumption of antioxidants has a protec...