After having played a prisoner’s dilemma, players can approve or reject the other’s choice of cooperation or defection. If both players approve the other’s choice, the outcome is just the result of the chosen strategies in the prisoner’s dilemma; however, if either rejects the other’s choice, the outcome is the result of mutual defection in the prisoner’s dilemma. In theory, such an approval me...

Gradual bargaining is represented by an agenda: a family of increasing sets of joint utilities, parameterized by time. A solution for gradual bargaining specifies an agreement at each time. We axiomatize an ordinal solution, i.e., one that is covariant with order-preserving transformations of utility. It can be viewed as the limit of a step-by-step bargaining in which the agreement of the last ...

Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (CSI) is reported to react with hydrocarbon alkenes by a stepwise dipolar pathway to give N-chlorosulfonyl-β-lactams that are readily reduced to β-lactams. Substitution of a vinyl hydrogen for a vinyl fluorine changes the dynamics for reaction with CSI so that a concerted pathway is favored. Rate constants were measured for reactions of CSI with monofluoroalkenes and s...

The tendency to reach dynamic equilibrium of intercluster reaction, Ag7(H) and Cu7(H), in solution is driven by a stepwise, one-metal exchange process, which has been illustrated 2D EXSY NMR experiments.

Equilibrium and kinetic hydrogen exchange experiments show that cytochrome c is composed of five foldon units that continually unfold and refold even under native conditions. Folding proceeds by the stepwise assembly of the foldon units rather than one amino acid at a time. The folding pathway is determined by a sequential stabilization process; previously formed foldons guide and stabilize sub...