BACKGROUND During May-June 2010, a childhood lead poisoning outbreak related to gold ore processing was confirmed in two villages in Zamfara State, Nigeria. During June-September of that year, villages with suspected or confirmed childhood lead poisoning continued to be identified in Zamfara State. OBJECTIVES We investigated the extent of childhood lead poisoning [≥ 1 child with a blood lead ...

The objective of this project in East Azerbaijan villages was to improve community participation in rural areas in a Healthy Villages programme. The project covered 1680 villages, and 3605 training courses for health staff and village residents on environmental health were conducted in 10 stages from 1992 to 2000. Men's and women's health councils in villages were established in 92% and 62% of ...

A longitudinal malaria study was undertaken in 1990-91 in 2 adjacent ecological zones in central India: villages in forest and villages away from the forest. The prevalence of Anopheles species varied widely between the 2 ecological settings. In the villages in forest, Anopheles culicifacies and An. fluviatilis were mainly exophilic, whereas in the villages away from forest, An. culicifacies wa...

This paper explores the impact of trust and reciprocal expectations on the choice of childcare when mothers decide to work in two different types of Zimbabwean villages. One type of villages are traditional communal villages with a tight social structures through family ties throughout the village. The second type of villages originates from land reallocation in the 1980s to selected families.

We describe the concept, strategy, and initial results of the Millennium Villages Project and implications regarding sustainability and scalability. Our underlying hypothesis is that the interacting crises of agriculture, health, and infrastructure in rural Africa can be overcome through targeted public-sector investments to raise rural productivity and, thereby, to increased private-sector sav...

Long term meteorological records ( > 100 years) from stations associated with villages are generally classified as rural and assumed to have no urban influence. Using networks installed in two European villages, the local and microclimatic variations around two of these rural-village sites are examined. An annual average temperature difference (1T ) of 0.6 and 0.4 K was observed between the bui...

from the past to the present time, in all civilizations and countries, urbanization is considered the most striking evolution of human societies. with the advent of the industrial revolution and the rapid expansion of cities, societies were faced with numerous problems. one of the most significant problems is extreme centralization in one city or more and fragmentation of urban hierarchical sys...