At later stages in larval life and also as adults, Xenopus can respond to water currents detected by their lateral-line sensory system. We have investigated when responses to water currents first appear and whether the first lateral line neuromasts operate in the same way as the adult organs. Just before and after hatching from their egg membranes we show that Xenopus embryos and tadpoles can r...

Density currents fed directly from subaqueous eruptions can be divided conceptually into three groups based on modes of fragmentation and transport: (I) explosive fragmentation, with deposition from a gas-supported current; (II) explosive fragmentation, with deposition from a water-supported current; (III) fragmentation of flowing lava, with deposition from a water-supported current (Fig. 1). G...

BACKGROUND Animals moving through air or water toward a goal frequently must contend with fluid currents, which can drift the actual path of the animal away from the direction of heading. Whether, and to what degree, animals compensate for currents depends on the species and environmental context, but plays an important role in the movement ecology of the species. In this paper, flocks of surf ...

Rhythmical alternations between limestone and marls characterize the Pabdeh Formation, southwestern Iran. Three intervals of these rhythmites were studied using sedimentary, petrography and geochemical parameters analysis, to unravel the possible mechanisms responsible for the origin of these rhythmites. The microfacies analysis reflects calm deep-water sedimentation that were interrupted by sp...

We consider surface gravity currents in fresh water where the temperatures of the current and the ambient are on opposite sides of the temperature of maximum density. Buoyancy reversal may occur in the current, due to entrainment of ambient water to produce a mixture that is denser than the ambient. Using an empirical parametrisation of entrainment in lock-release gravity currents, the distance...

Gravity currents are very common in nature and may appear in rivers, lakes, oceans, and the atmosphere. They are produced by the buoyant forces interacting between fluids of different densities and may introduce sediments and pollutants into water bodies. In this study, the hydrodynamics and propagation of gravity currents are investigated using WISE (Width Integrated Stratified Environments), ...