Introduction Substitution tilings have been discussed now for at least twenty-five years, initially motivated by the construction of hierarchical non-periodic structures in the Euclidean plane [?, ?, ?, ?]. Aperiodic sets of tiles were often created by forcing these structures to emerge. Recently, this line was more or less completed, with the demonstration that (essentially) every substitution...

biosignature_movie_1.mpg (987 KB) An MPEG format movie showing the development of the MAB in Avida as described in Chapter 2. This movie shows the relative abundances of 28 Avida instructions in a single typical evolutionary run. This run was seeded with the standard progenitor (listed in Table 2.1) and run for 200,000 updates with copy mutation probability $\mu$=0.01 randomizing mutations per ...

When I began my career in dentistry twenty-five years ago, the "fee-for-service" practice was by far the most common approach for delivery of care. Time was not taken to define individuality and purpose, and outside factors such as insurance did not attempt to dictate the direction we took toward a treatment plan. Marketing was not mentioned and practice management as we know it was just beginn...

Solitary confinement is a frequently used penal tool in all fifty states against all types of offenders. However, since its development in the 1800s, solitary confinement has been found to have damaging psychological effects. Juvenile inmates in particular suffer the greatest psychological damage from solitary confinement because their brains are still in a developmental state. This has led man...

In this paper, a new five-parameter lifetime and reliability distribution named “the exponentiated Uniform-Pareto distribution (EU-PD),” has been suggested that it has a bathtub-shaped and inverse bathtub-shape for modeling lifetime data. This distribution has applications in economics, actuarial modelling, reliability modeling, lifetime and biological sciences. Firstly, the mathematical and st...

BACKGROUND People with hemophilia (PWH) experience frequent joint bleeding, resulting in pain and functional impairment. Generic and disease-specific patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments have been used in clinical studies, but rarely in the comprehensive hemophilia care setting. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess construct validity of PRO instruments measuring pain, fun...

BACKGROUND School visits to farms are a positive educational experience but pose risks due to the spread of zoonotic infections. A lesson plan to raise awareness about microbes on the farm and preventative behaviours was developed in response to the Griffin Investigation into the E. coli outbreak associated with Godstone Farm in 2009. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the delivery of th...

Physical modeling in computer music has been developing for twenty-five years. An assortment of algorithms, often in the form of "self-modeling" by musician / engineers, has accumulated and become available to composers. These software instruments have become material for composition and unveiling the range of designs forms the focus of this report. To a large extent, schemes applied in the wor...