This article examines the status and application of alternatives defined as replacements, refinements, and reduction for screening high production volume (HPV) chemicals. It specifically focuses on the Screening Information Data Set (SIDS), a series of toxicological tests recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to screen such chemicals. Alternative tests associa...

More than 100,000 commercially used chemical compounds are currently registered in the European Union [1]. Under the new EU REACH legislation (Registration, Evaluation and Authorisa‐ tion of Chemicals [2]), which came into effect in June 2007, existing chemicals and all new substances, starting materials and intermediates exceeding an annual production volume of 1 tonne have to be tested for to...

Mercury (Hg) contamination is receiving increased attention globally because of human health and environmental concerns. Few laboratory studies have examined the toxicity of Hg on early life stages of freshwater mussels, despite evidence that glochidia and juvenile life stages are more sensitive to contaminants than adults. Three bioassays (72-h acute glochidia, 96-h acute juvenile, and 21-d ch...

Pistacia vera L., a member of Anacardiaceae family, has been used for sedation and analgesia in traditional medicine. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects as well as acute toxicity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. vera leaves were investigated in mice. The antinociceptive activity was studied using hot plate and writhing tests. The effect of the extracts a...

acute liver failure (alf) is an uncommon, devastating syndrome of which over 2000 cases occur annually in the usa, with a mortality rate of about 80%. alf is de_ned by the sudden onset of hepatic encephalopathy and coagulopathy (inr_1.5) in an otherwise healthy person. the most common etiologies are acute viral hepatitis a and b, medication overdose (e.g., acetaminophen) and idiosyncratic drug ...

all aquatic organisms are directly or indirectly affected by the physical characteristics of their environment, especially the chemical composition of the water. the high concentration levels, damage tissues and interfere with the normal growth and proliferation. the aim of this research was to investigation acute toxicity of znso4 and cucl2 to gambusia holbrooki by static bioassays at differen...

the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of pedalium murex (pedaliaceae) was investigated for antipyretic activity in rats using brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia models. brewer’s yeast (15%) was used to induce pyrexia in rats. both the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight p.o produced a significant (p

the effects of hydroalcoholic extract (he) of curculigo orchioides gaertn. rhizome (hypoxidaceae) and its alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal fractions (af) and (naf) were evaluated in carrageenan-induced paw edema experimental models of inflammation. the oral administration of he, their af and naf fractions were used at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg. the effect produced by the he, af and naf fract...

Acute semistatic toxicity tests were carried out for 96 h with first zoeae and young crabs of Chasmagnathus granulata. Survival curves and LC50 (lethal concentration 50, the concentration which produces the death of 50% of the exposed population) indices for copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead were determined. Furthermore, mixture toxicity tests (Cd/Cu and Cd/Zn) with first-stage larvae were also c...

Fish and other organisms are affected by pesticides which pollute the natural water through agricultural runoff. The aim of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of botanical pesticide, neem gold, and two synthetic pesticides, permethrin and monocrotophos, which are extensively used in agricultural farms. The mortality rate of Cyprinus carpio was monitored under laboratory conditions f...