From its beginnings, OCL is based on a strict semantics for undefinedness, with the exception of the logical connectives of type Boolean that constitute a three-valued propositional logic. Recent versions of the OCL standard added a second exception element, which, similar to the null references in object-oriented programming languages, is given a non-strict semantics. Unfortunately, this exten...

Design by contract is a well known theory that views software construction as based on contracts between clients (callers) and suppliers (routines), relying on mutual obligations and benefits made explicit by assertions. However, there is a gap between this theory and software engineering concepts and tools. For example, dealing with contract violations is realized by exception handlers, wherea...

This article aims to study lease and hiring contract in the Iranian-Islamic setting and analyze the asymmetric information problem in these contracts. For doing this, we study the characteristics of lease and hiring contracts in Iran (real world experimental characteristics that recognized in other studies), using library method, then we mathematically model different aspects of asymmetric info...

OBJECTIVE To analyze the multiple job contracts of physicians in the Brazilian National Health System in the State of Ceará. METHODS Documental research was performed about the work contracts of the physicians, based on data of health professional contracts in the municipalities of Ceará state, Northeastern Brazil, in 2008. Indices were created for the quantity of contracts of each physician,...

This study provides evidence of the potential hedging effectiveness of insurance derivatives based on regional estimates of catastrophe losses. We estimate the percentage of insurers’ by line and state underwriting risk that could have been eliminated over the 1974 through 1994 period if they had hedged using state-specific catastrophe derivatives based on Property Claims Service (PCS) reported...

Two simple class-F NVI1VIIC power amplifiers are described using 0.7tm field-plated GaN HEMT devices. One circuit was designed for operation at 2.0 GHz and achieved a power-added-efficiency of 50%, 38 dBm output power, and 6.2 W/mm power density. A second circuit was designed at 2.8 GHz and achieved a PAE of 46% with 37 dBm output power and 7.0 W/mm power density.

This paper provides a new approach for pricing and hedging popular highly pathdependent equity-linked contracts. We illustrate our technique with two examples: the locally-capped contracts (a popular design on the exchange-listed retail investment contracts on the American Stock Exchange) and the Cliquet option (extensively sold by insurance companies). Wilmott [17] describes these types of con...

1. EXTENDED ABSTRACT Contract-based design, first conceived for software specification [7] and now also applied to embedded systems (cfr. e.g., [2, 1]), structures the component properties into contracts. A contract specifies the properties assumed to be satisfied by the component environment (assumptions), and the properties guaranteed by the component in response (guarantees). There are sever...

Likewise other Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS), EGNOS– the European SBAS – will broadcast augmentation signals for GPS through Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. GEO broadcasting is proved to be an efficient strategy for avionic applications and other modes of transport. For some applications, though, it may be of interest to complement GEO broadcasting through other transm...