Introduction: Spreading depression (SD) is a propagating wave of depolarization followed by depression of the neuroglial activities and can modulate extracellular dopamine concentrations in the neocortex. It has been shown that the dopaminergic system plays a role in migraine. SD has been suggested as a critical phenomenon in the pathophysiology of migraine. The aim of this study was to investi...

Introduction: Fennel is rich in phytoestrogens and is used for estrogen deficiency disorders. Estrogens affect anxiety through neurochemical systems such as GABA-A receptors. In this study the effects of fennel on GABA-A and estrogen receptors in anxiety were investigated. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats weighing (180±20 g) were divided into 8 groups. Groups received saline, fennel (200, ...

The octapeptide hormone angiotensin II is one of the most studied peptides with aim designing and synthesizing non-peptide mimetics for oral administration. To achieve this, cyclizations at different positions within peptide molecule has been a useful strategy to define active conformation. These studies on led discovery Sarmesin, type antagonist, breakthrough mimetic Losartan, first in series ...

Finerenone (Kerendia) is a mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article discusses its indications, efficacy and adverse effects.

mirtazapine is a new antidepressant that can increase noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. it is also a postsynaptic antagonist of 5-ht2 and 5-ht3. in addition, it has only a weak affinity for 5-ht1 receptors and has very weak muscarinic anticholinergic and histamine (h1) antagonist properties. we report a case of hypertensive urgency that ensued after a patient took a single low d...

Dextromethorphan is an NMDA receptor antagonist in the glutamatergic system. Currently, there are some reports showing that the glutamatergic NMDA receptor mechanism stimulates dopamine release from several brain regions. This effect may in part modulate the stereotyped behaviors of dopaminergic system. The purpose of the present study was to determine the interaction between the blockade of NM...