Bone tissue engineering has been one of the most promising areas of research, providing a potential clinical application to cure bone defects. Recently, various stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), muscle-derived stem cell...

Numerous studies have shown the positive effects of rosmarinic acid on the nervous system. Rosmarinic acid as a herbal compound with anti-inflammatory effects can prevent the destructive effect of inflammation on the nervous system. Furthermore, various studies have emphasized the advantages of three dimensional (3D) culture over the two dimensional (2D) culture of cells. In this study, thermos...

The protein transduction technique enables the direct delivery of biologically active material into mammalian cells [for review see (1,2)]. For this one can make use of the translocating ability of so-called cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), also designated as protein transduction domains (PTDs). The TAT-CPP derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat (trans-activator of tr...

naturally the brain is ineffective in regenerating functional tissue after disease or injury, so to overcome these defects innovative curative strategies such as stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering have to be considered. researchers investigate the use of strategies to attain better functional repair results. one of the important challenges of effective transplantation is the deliv...

Organoid systems leverage the self-organizing properties of stem cells to create diverse multicellular tissue proxies. Most organoid models only represent single or partial components of a tissue, and it is often difficult to control the cell type, organization, and cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions within these systems. Herein, we discuss basic approaches to generate stem cell-based organoids...

Growth and division are essential biological processes of cellular life. A crucial question concerning the origin of cellular life is how primitive cells (protocells) lacking complex biological machinery could grow and divide. To address this question, we first developed an effective method for preparing large monodisperse (uniform-sized) vesicles through a combination of extrusion and large-po...

The immobilization of cells can be defined as ‘‘the physical confinement or localization of cells to a certain defined region of space with preservation of some desired activity’’ (1). The region in which the cells are localized is called the immobilized cell system or immobilized cells aggregate, which can be divided into three components: the cells, the support (or carrier or matrix) material...