critical path method (cpm) is one of the most popular techniques used by construction practitioners for construction project scheduling since the 1950s. despite its popularity, cpm has a major shortcoming, as it is schedule based on two impractical acceptance that the project deadline is not bounded and that resources are unlimited. the analytical competency and computing capability of cpm thus...

Resource constrained project scheduling problem is one of the most important issues in project planning and management. The objective function of this problem is to minimize the completion time of a project. When there is budget constraint or high risk for investment, using the criteria such as cash flows is so important. The development of computer systems and processors makes it possible to t...

Many real projects complete through the realization of one and only one path of various possible network paths. Here, these networks are called alternative stochastic networks (ASNs). It is supposed that the nodes of considered network are probabilistic with exclusive-or receiver and exclusive-or emitter. First, an analytical approach is proposed to simplify the structure of t...

The articles in this special section focus on resource-constrained innovation and frugal engineering. Models of development usually do not incorporate scarcity resources as a determinant the design. Instead, they assume that necessary can be acquired so new product or service optimally fitted to market preferences