5 Climate sensitivity is generally studied using two types of models. Atmosphere-ocean general 6 circulation models (AOGCMs) include interactive ocean dynamics and detailed heat uptake. 7 Atmospheric GCMs (AGCMs) with slab ocean models (SOMs) cannot fully simulate the 8 ocean’s response to and influence on climate. However, AGCMs are cheaper computation9 ally and thus are often used to quantify...

General circulation models (GCMs) are routinely used to simulate future climatic conditions. However, rainfall outputs from GCMs are highly uncertain in preserving temporal correlations, frequencies, and intensity distributions, which limits their direct application for downscaling and hydrological modeling studies. To address these limitations, raw outputs of GCMs or regional climate models ar...

5 In this paper, wintertime precipitation from a variety of observational datasets, 6 regional climate models (RCMs), and general circulation models (GCMs) is aver7 aged over the state of California (CA) and compared. Several averaging method8 ologies are considered and all are found to give similar values when model grid 9 spacing is less than 3◦. This suggests that CA is a reasonable size for...

Most state-of-the-art global climate models (GCMs) project an increase in atmospheric poleward energy transport with global warming; however, the amount of increase varies significantly from model to model. Using an energy balance model that diffuses moist static energy, it is shown that: (1) the increase in atmospheric moisture content causes most of the increase in transport, and (2) changes ...

This letter reports a study on some topological properties of chaos using a generalized competitive mode (GCM). The Lorenz system and the Chen system are used as examples for comparison. It is shown that for typical parameter values used in the two systems, the Lorenz attractor has one pair of GCMs in competition, while the Chen attractor has two pairs of GCMs in competition. This explains why ...

The representation of cloud systems and cloud-radiation interaction is considered to be one of major uncertainties in general circulation models (GCMs). This arises because (1) complete observations of cloud systems are impossible and available measurements are very limited; (2) cloud-radiation interactions are scale-dependent (Dudek et al. 1996) while current GCMs cannot explicitly resolve the...

Using General Circulation Models (GCMs) for tropical cyclone studies is difficult due to the relatively small size of the storms, the intense convection and multitudes of large-scale small-scale interactions. These are mostly unresolved at typical GCM resolutions of about 50-100 km, and still challenged at high resolutions between 12-30 km. Nevertheless, high-resolution GCMs are becoming a tool...