A stochastic model for relating precipitation occurrences at multiple rain gauge stations to broad-scale atmospheric circulation patterns (the so-called \downscaling problem") is proposed. The model is an example of a nonhomogeneous hidden Markov model and generalizes existing downscaling models in the literature. The model assumes that atmospheric circulation can be classi ed into a small numb...

Weather-pattern, or weather-type, classifications are a valuable tool in many applications as they characterize the broad-scale atmospheric circulation over a given region. This study analyses the aspects of regional UK precipitation and meteorological drought climatology with respect to a new set of objectively defined weather patterns. These new patterns are currently being used by the Met Of...

Close-to-ground measurements of the atmospheric space charge density simultaneously made with the direct filtration and Faraday cage techniques are reported. The data obtained on fair-weather days show that the measured values from the two techniques are small and agree with each other within the limits of experimental error during windy and turbulent conditions in the afternoon hours, but are ...

introduction dust storms, one type of dust event, are in most cases the result of turbulent winds, including convective haboobs, which raise large quantities of dust from desert surfaces and reduce visibility to less than 1 km. this dust reaches concentrations in excess of 6000 mg m3 in severe events. the major dust source regions are areas of arid and hyper-arid, with mean annual rainfalls of ...

the areas of the world that have mediterranean style climate are found at about 35 degrees north and south of the equator, on the western sides of continents. the distinctive feature of this climate is the small amount of rain in the summer. overall, the climate has a moderate amount of rainfall and warm winters and hot summers and. the climate of the mediterranean region is conditioned by its ...

703 The accepted evidence of anthropogenic climate change1 is based on multiple global indicators of change, including surface temperature, upper-ocean heat content, sea level, Arctic sea-ice extent, glaciers, Northern Hemisphere snow cover, large-scale precipitation patterns (especially as reflected in ocean salinity) and temperature extremes (Fig. 1a,b). All these global indicators are physic...