Introduction Informal patient payments for healthcare are common in the Western Balkans, negatively affecting public health and healthcare.   Aim To identify literature from the Western Balkans on what is known about informal patient payments and bought and brought goods, to examine their effects on healthcare and to determine what actions can be taken to tackle these payments.   Methods After ...

institutional synergy in urban management, as a collective feature is the byproduct of inter and intra institutional activities of urban organizations. it is consider gregarious action and as managerial phenomenon with feature of trust, participation. cooperation engagement, facilitation, mutual recognition and the network. this article scrutiny the capacity of inters intuitional synergy in urb...

It is 1949. Room 64 in the hasement of the Banting Institute in Toronto was the home of the fledgling cardiovascular surgical lahoratory. Experiments on the microcirculation and on hypothermia were initiated as two different projects. We were astonished to find as work progressed, that they were closely interrelated: Cooling an animal helow a certain body temperature level produced serious obst...