the acts of the state in administrative law, according the criterion of the method, are divided into act of authority and act of management. this division is used in the different areas of administrative law such as the determination of the competent judge, the rules of civil liability of the state, etc... in the system of administrative law of iran, the criterion of the act of authority is use...

since the beginning of human history, one of the basic dilemma that every political institution must solve is how to exercise legitimate authority—that is, how to govern with the consent.“you can’t sit on bayonets,” goes an old political expression.this is a way of saying that although a state can exercise its power through the use of police force or coercion, in the long run the use of force w...

the present paper aims at clarifying the role of the concept “walåyah” in the philosophy of the unity of being in islamic philosophy (waedat al-wujid). the concept “walåyah” is deeply built into the philosophic system of the islamic theory of being, and moreover the dynamic aspect of this concept has always activated islamic philosophy of existence and stimulated the thought of islamic philosop...

In many “smart city” applications, congestion arises in part due to the nature of signals received by individuals from a central authority. In the model of Mareček et al. [Int. J. Control 88(10), 2015], each agent uses one out of multiple resources at each time instant. The per-use cost of a resource depends on the number of concurrent users. A central authority has up-to-date knowledge of the ...

Analysis-suitable T-splines (AST-splines) are a promising candidate to achieve seamless integration between the design and analysis of thin-walled structures in industrial settings. In this work, we generalize AST-splines allow multiple extraordinary points within same face. This generalization drastically increases flexibility build geometries using AST-splines; e.g., much coarser meshes can b...