The increasing rate of urbanization and rate of population growth over the 20th century has led to various problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of open and green spaces that have affected the cities and their citizen's life. This condition has led to increasing demands for more land use, homes, and work places, more public transport and mass transit systems and modern in...

China produces and consumes most of coal in the world. This situation is expected to continue within a certain period in the future. Currently, Chinese coal industry is confronted with several serious problems relating to land resource, water resource, environmental, and ecological sustainability. Coal resource exploitation causes the permanent fracture and movement of strata structure, which h...

Scarcity of water resources and huge costs of establishing new hydraulic installations necessitate optimal exploitation from existing reservoirs. Sustainable management and efficient exploitation from existing finite water resources are important factors in water resource management, particularly in the periods of water insufficiency and in dry regions, and on account of competitive allocations...

introduction the special regional and geographical characteristics of iran, the flowof streams with mediterranean regime, topographic status, and diversity of relieves have provided an extensive areafor the penetration of water into the ground. all of these factors together with the shortage of ground water reservoirs have enhanced the significance of ground water in iran. since the volume of g...

bam, which is located in the south eastern part of iran, east of kerman province, is a desert city with its special natural and cultural landscapes, which is different in many ways from all other desert cities in iran .there has always been a balance between cultural and natural elements in bam. one of the unique natural elements of bam is its rich underground water reservoirs, which originates...