Traditionally, risk aversion (both absolute and relative) has been expressed as a function of wealth alone. The characteristics of risk aversion as wealth changes have been extensively studied. However, prices, as well as wealth, enter the indirect utility function, from which the typical risk aversion measures are calculated. Given that, changes in prices will affect risk aversion, although ex...

We consider a geographic optimization problem in which we are given a region R, a probability density function f(·) defined on R, and a collection of n utility density functions ui(·) defined on R. Our objective is to divide R into n sub-regions Ri so as to “balance” the overall utilities on the regions, which are given by the integrals ̃ Ri f(x)ui(x) dA. Using a simple complementary slackness a...

AIMS This study aims to review the economic cost of childhood (0-18 years) unintentional injuries (UI) and focuses upon comparing the cost burden between developing and developed countries. METHODS Articles were selected from PUBMED using the search words "Economic Cost", "Unintentional injuries" and "Children". Nine articles were selected. RESULTS Studies in China focused upon cost to hosp...

Merchants urgently need to investigate consumers’ willingness to accept mobile commerce and what factors influence their acceptance since the spring up of mobile commerce. By means of surveying Chinese consumers with questionnaire, this paper take consumer as research object to analyze their attitude toward using and influence factors about mobile commerce based on the user acceptance theory. T...

This paper describes a design approach for creating generic computer user interfaces with spatial auditory displays. It proposes a structured depiction process from formulating mode independent descriptions of user interfaces (UIs), to audio rendering methods for virtual environments. As the key step in the process a semantic taxonomy of user interface content is proposed. Finding semantic clas...

According to decision making theory, if we know the user’s utility Ui = U(si) of all possible alternatives si, then we can uniquely predict the user’s preferences. In practice, we often only know approximate values Vi ≈ Ui of the user’s utilities. Based on these approximate values, we can only make probabilistic predictions of the user’s preferences. It is empirically known that in many real-li...

sera from 495 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasma antibodies by indirect fluorescent antibody testing (ifat). antibodies were positive in 32.7%. seropositivity was not increased significantly with age but showed a statistically significant rise in accordance with frequency of parity, abortion and contact with cats. the high rate of seronegativity (67.3%) observed in pregnant women repre...

BACKGROUND Medication use is a potentially reversible cause of urinary incontinence (UI). The objective of this longitudinal cohort study was to evaluate whether self-reported UI in community-dwelling older women is associated with the use of different classes of antihypertensive agents. METHODS The sample consisted of 959 black and white women aged 72-81 years without baseline (Year 1) UI fr...