Background: The breastfeeding self-efficacy is one of the psychological factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding; the Breastfeeding self-efficacy measured by the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale-short form (BSES-SF). It was validated and reliable in several studies. The current systematic review aimed to comprehensively review the validity and reliability of the BSES-SF in various versi...

An offline recognition system for Arabic handwritten words is presented. The recognition system is based on a semi-continuous 1-dimensional HMM. From each binary word image normalization parameters were estimated. First height, length, and baseline skew are normalized, then features are collected using a sliding window approach. This paper presents these methods in more detail. Some parameters ...

A novel approach for recognition of handwritten compound Bangla characters, along with the Basic characters of Bangla alphabet, is presented here. Compared to English like Roman script, one of the major stumbling blocks in Optical Character Recognition (OCR) of handwritten Bangla script is the large number of complex shaped character classes of Bangla alphabet. In addition to 50 basic character...

Automatic computer recognition of arbitrary handwritten characters remains as one of the more elusive targets for computer researchers. Methods incorporating knowledge of time-sequencing of data point inputs have achieved some success, but are not generally applicable to real-world applications where such time-dependency information is often not available. Using a simple algorithm for synthesiz...

The encoding of local features is an essential part for writer identification and writer retrieval. While CNN activations have already been used as local features in related works, the encoding of these features has attracted little attention so far. In this work, we compare the established VLAD encoding with triangulation embedding. We further investigate generalized max pooling as an alternat...

Abstract Handwritten text recognition systems interpret the scanned script images as composed of letters. In this paper, efficient offline methods using fuzzy degrees, well interval degrees type-2, are proposed to recognize letters beforehand decomposed into strokes. For such strokes, first stage used create a set hypotheses whether group strokes matches letter or digit patterns. Subsequently, ...