The newly administered Iranian Ph.D. Program Entrance Exam (PPEE) is supposed to have had different washback effects on university curriculums. This qualitative study examined the effects of the new TEFL PPEE on the applicants’ study plans and strategies from the points of view of both Iranian university instructors and applicants. To this end, we conducted in-depth interviews with 10 experienc...

the newly administered iranian ph.d. program entrance exam (ppee) is supposed to have had different washback effects on university curriculums. this qualitative study examined the effects of the new tefl ppee on the applicants’ study plans and strategies from the points of view of both iranian university instructors and applicants. to this end, we conducted in-depth interviews with 10 experienc...

Sharing data across scientific domains is often impeded by differences in the language used to describe and metadata. We argue that disagreements over boundary between metadata are a common source of confusion. Information appearing as one domain may be considered another domain, process we call “semantic transposition.” To promote greater understanding, develop new terminology for describing h...