there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

Background and Objective: Stretching exercises with stimulation of proprioceptors and increasing flexibility of soft tissues and vibration with stimulation of proprioceptors can play an important role in improving postural stability. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of static stretching exercises and vibration on postural stability indices in healthy women. Materials...

Purpose: of the most critical changes in the elderly is the weakness in keeping their balance that can expose them to severe injury risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 weeks of strength, balance, and combined (strength and balance) training programs on the dynamic and static balance of inactive older men. Methods: Forty older men, who were the members of Robat Kar...

within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...

Objectives: Balance functions play a significant role in routine life of the elderly, especially in reducing the risk of their falling. The aim of this research was to investigate static and dynamic balance of healthy elderly men during different hours of the day. Methods & Materials: For this purpose, 10 old men with the mean (SD) age of 69.45(3.23) years participated voluntarily ...

Background and purpose: Physical activity is one of the components of impulsivity and is one of the risk factors for falls in elderly. In the other words, it causes loss of balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between impulsivity level in elderly and their ability in maintaining balance. Materials and methods: This cross-Sectional study was performed in 50 elder...

Introduction: Upper crossed syndrome is known as a musculoskeletal abnormality that results in postural changes such as forward head, forward shoulder and kyphosis. Balance is one of the most important posture component that might be reduced by upper crossed syndrome. This study aimed to compare of eight-week shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle and combined corrective exercises program for improving...