1. introduction wind is one of the important meteorological parameters which have an extensive application in environmental studies. the winds have various spatial and temporal scales regarding to their characteristics and structures. sistan wind as an outstanding low level flow in eastern iran is playing an important role to creation of local and regional climatic features. the sistan wind ini...

Observations of sea surface wind field are critical for typhoon prediction. The scatterometer observation is one of the most important sources of sea surface winds, which provides both wind speed and wind direction information. However, the spatial resolution of scatterometer wind is low. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can provide a more detailed wind structure of the tropical cyclone. In addit...

numerous studies yet have been carried out on downscaling of the large-scale climate data usingboth dynamical and statistical methods to investigate the hydrological and meteorological impacts of climatechange on different parts of the world. this study was also conducted to investigate the capability of feedforwardneural network with error back-propagation algorithm to downscale the provincial...

Numerous flying and swimming animals constantly need to control their heading (that is, their direction of orientation) in a flow to reach their distant destination. However, animal orientation in a flow has yet to be satisfactorily explained because it is difficult to directly measure animal heading and flow. We constructed a new animal movement model based on the asymmetric distribution of th...

When animals move across a landscape, they alternate between active searching phases in areas with high prey density and commuting phases towards and in-between profitable feeding patches. Such active searching movements are more sinuous than travelling movements, and supposedly more costly in energy. Here we provide an empirical validation of this long-lasting assumption. To this end, we evalu...