learning a second or foreign language requires the manipulation of four main skills, namely, listening, reading, speaking, and writing which lead to effective communication. it is obvious that vocabulary is an indispensible part of any communication, so without a vocabulary, no meaningful communication can take place and meaningful communication relies heavily on vocabulary. one fundamental fac...

the present study was concerned with exploring the frequency and linguistic focus of corrective feedback types given by novice and experienced female teachers working with young learners and compared it with those of elementary classes for adults. moreover, it aimed at measuring learners’ acknowledgement of teachers’ corrective feedback in the form of uptake in relation to linguistic coverage o...

Background and purpose: The World Health Organization predicts more than 8 million deaths until 2030 as a result of tobacco use. Pictorial cigarette pack warnings have a major role on the cognitive and emotional reactions, and the first intention to smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pictorial cigarette pack warnings on smokers’ attitudes and behavior. Mate...

within the components of communicative competence, a special emphasis is put on the “rules of politeness,” specifically the politeness strategies (brown and levinson, 1978) that speakers deploy when performing the request speech act. this is because the degree of imposition that making a request places upon one’s interlocutor(s) has been seen to be influenced by several factors among which, as ...

There is a deep-seated belief among planners that the historical association between urban planning and rationality is an unquestioned presumption which they follow their daily practices based on. It seems that truth of urban planning claims has been shown predominantly by applying the concept of rationality. As a result, reflection on rationality can be taken into consideration as an importan...

the skill of reading in english as a foreign language is an important and challenging one which is affected both by linguistic and extra linguistic factors. since vocabularies are part and parcel of every reading comprehension text, knowing enough vocabulary always facilitates this process. however, guessing strategy as one of the most important strategies has consistently ignored by language l...