Fossil fuel depletion and attempts of global warming mitigation have motivated the development of biofuels. Several feedstock and transformation pathways into biofuel have been proposed as an alternative to usual fuels. Recently, microalgae have attracted a lot of attention because of the promise of reduced competition with food crop and lowered environmental impacts. Over the last years, sever...

Plasma irregularity structures associated with an Equatorial Spread-F (ESF) event were recorded by the Indian VHF Radar on 26–27 April 2006 near midnight hours. The plasma structures were found to be isolated without having bottomside structure. They moved predominantly downward and the structures were found to be less turbulent than their post-sunset counterparts. However, the structures were ...

The actions and activities of average Americans contribute greatly to global warming, fossil fuel consumption, natural resource depletion, and other environmentallyrelated threats to humankind. Currently, the negative impacts of these actions are most commonly addressed through "green" design strategies that utilize largely technological solutions to increase the resource efficiency of the buil...

The huge global energy consumption has raised concerns over the depletion in readily available conventional resources. Besides, there are harmful atmospheric effects of fossil fuels and qualms future world hence is dire need new renewable sources that cheap, non-polluting, environmentally friendly, clean. This only way we can stop using fossil. Hydrogen considered as an ideal fuel for because i...

Energy and environmental issues are crucially interrelated. There are two concurrent problems which may determine the future of the human society; depletion of the resources such as oil, and environmental damages associated with the resource use. Resources once utilized are ultimately transformed to differerent forms of wastes whereas some of them are accumulated in air and water, causing persi...

Environmental pollution and rapid depletion are among the chief concerns about fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. Renewable energy sources do not suffer from such limitations and are considered the best choice to replace fossil fuels. The present study develops a mathematical model for optimal allocation of regional renewable energy to meet a country-wide demand and its other essential as...

A model is presented in this work for simulating endogenously the evolution of the marginal costs of production of energy carriers from non-renewable resources, their consumption, depletion pathways and timescales. Such marginal costs can be used to simulate the long term average price formation of energy commodities. Drawing on previous work where a global database of energy resource economic ...

The depletion of fossil fuels and their market inequality have led to the popularity biofuels. Biofuels are a renewable energy source which can be promising solution environmental issues created by fuels. emission greenhouse gases fluctuating prices put pressure on developing countries small economic nations. Thus, one main concerns is production bio jet fuel from resources, with relatively low...

Cities are increasingly challenged in sustaining their growing populations with food. As fossil energy reserves are depleted, the sustainability of food production is highly dependent on the ability to yield more food relative to resource use. In preparing cities for peak oil, urban food systems are therefore needed that make better use of local and renewable resources, as opposed to imported a...