Learner autonomy has become the area of interest by many researchers of foreign language learning in the recent years. However, few studies have been done concerning the case of Kurdish learners` autonomy in learning languages. For this reason, the current study addresses this gap. It intends to investigate to what extent Kurdish learners are autonomous in learning English language. The study i...

Inspired by Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (SCT), the current study intended to investigate the effect of summary training (i.e., oral and written) on intermediate EFL learners’ reading comprehension in different conditions (i.e., individual and collaborative). Data collection tools and procedures encompassed PET test, First Certificate in English (FCE) reading pre-test, and post-test. First, ...

this study investigated t he effectiveness o f concept mapping ( c m ) used as a teaching and learning strategy i n english as a second language ( e s l ) . the research design was semi - experimental with a pre-test and a post - test . thirty - three e s l students were allocated randomly in three experimental groups : collaborative cm , individual c m and the traditional teaching method . the...

We would like to thank the editors of this volume, along with John Miller, Scott Page, and seminar participants at the Santa Fe Institute for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. † PriceWaterhouseCoopers, 1301 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019, [email protected] ‡ NBER and The Johns Hopkins University. Correspondence to Christopher Carroll, Department of Econom...