In this study using clonidine (a mixed ?2 /I1 receptors agonist), tizanidine (pure ?2-receptor agonist), rilmenidine (I1 receptor agonist) and yohimbine (?2-receptor antagonist), we tried to clarify the role of imidazoline and ?2-receptors in morphine withdrawal syndrome. Morphine-dependence was induced by administration of increasing doses of morphine in mice. After the last administration of ...

In this study using clonidine (a mixed ?2 /I1 receptors agonist), tizanidine (pure ?2-receptor agonist), rilmenidine (I1 receptor agonist) and yohimbine (?2-receptor antagonist), we tried to clarify the role of imidazoline and ?2-receptors in morphine withdrawal syndrome. Morphine-dependence was induced by administration of increasing doses of morphine in mice. After the last administration of ...

Background γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is considered to be the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian central nervous systems (CNS). There are two major classes of GABA receptors: GABAARs and GABABRs. The GABAA receptor is derived from various subunits such as alpha1-alpha 6, beta1-beta 3, gamma1-gamma 4, delta, epsilon, pi, and rho1-3. Intensive research has been performed to und...

Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptors (ROR, nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Nuclear Hormone Receptors [11, 3]) have yet to be assigned a definitive endogenous ligand, although RORα may synthesized with ‘captured’ agonist such cholesterol [68, 67].

introduction: it has been shown that some primary human tumors and their metastases, including prostate and breast tumors, over-express gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) receptors. bombesin is a neuropeptide with a high affinity for these grp receptors. the purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate the characteristics of a new freeze-dried kit, [6-hydrazinopyridine-3-carboxylic acid (hyni...

teucrium polium is used for treatment of visceral pain in iranian folkloric medicine. in this studyantinociceptive mechanisms of t. polium hydroethanolic extract were examined by acetic acid-inducedwrithing test as a model of visceral pain in male nmri mice. to reveal the antinociceptive mechanisms ofthe extract, we examined the effects of opioidergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and histaminergic...

introduction : the innate immune system as the first line of defense against the pathogens recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) by toll-like receptors (tlrs). interaction of bacterial pamps by tlrs results in activation of innate and acquired immunity. fimh adhesin, a minor component of type 1 fimbriae encoded by uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) is a pamp of tlr4 that ...

restraint-induced stress (rs) increases histamine concentration in the brain. there is no previous report regarding the role of histamine receptors in immunomodulatory effect of rs. in the present study the role of brain histamine receptors on reduction of humoral and cellular immune function induced by rs was evaluated. for this purpose male wistar rats (200-250 g) were immunized with sheep re...

conclusions erα expression in liver was inversely correlated with liver fibrosis among patients infected with chronic hcv genotype 1b. patients and methods all the consecutive patients who received the same standard treatment protocol for hcv genotype 1b were subdivided into two subgroups according to their fibrosis scores as fibrotic stages < 2 in mild fibrosis group and fibrotic stages ≥ 2 in...