This paper discusses the validation of design methods. The challenges and opportunities in validation are illustrated by drawing an analogy to medical research and development. Specific validation practices such as clinical studies and use of models of human disease are discussed, including specific ways to adapt them to engineering design. The implications are explored for three active areas o...

The definition and implementation of a development process is an accepted approach to arrange efficient project structures and to optimize them, continuously. Development processes help to structure the manifold tasks in a software development project. They describe best practices and deliverables to support people to schedule and carry out tasks. For this reason many enterprises have already i...

UNLABELLED INTRDUCTION: Obesity and chronic diseases have been increasing since the last few decades alongside rapid economic development in developed and developing countries. The alarming increase in the prevalence of childhood obesity had been shown by many epidemiological studies worldwide. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese schoo...

Although decades of research have well elaborated on teacher professional development, we still do not have a thorough picture about what teacher professional development could entail and what components it consists of. The present study aims to develop and validate a teacher professional development scale in an Iranian English foreign language context. An initial tentative model with 130 items...

venture capital, corporate research, research management, management best practices Research and development organizations in established enterprises can become more effective by leveraging products and learnings from venture funded companies, and from adopting some of the management practices of venture fund managers and start-ups managed by a venture capitalist. Corporate research continues t...

Significant progress has been made in the past few years in the development of recommendations, policies, and procedures for creating and promoting citations to data sets, software, and other research infrastructures like computing facilities. Open questions remain, however, about the extent to which referencing practices of authors of scholarly publications are changing in ways desired by thes...