The present study sought to investigate the translation strategies in an American sitcom in Iranian EFLclasses with emphasis on politeness. The participants were 50 male and female Iranian undergraduateB.A. and M.A. students majoring in English Translation, and English language teaching at the IslamicAzad University, North Tehran. The participants were administered three tests. A multiple choic...

We argue that the superlative modifiers at least and at most quantify over a scale of answers to the current question under discussion (and in this sense, resolve issues), and that they draw attention to the individual possibilities along the scale (and in this sense, raise issues for discussion). The point of departure is a simple analysis on which at least denotes what only presupposes, and a...

Variation in prosody, or intonation, can influence the interpretation of linguistic phenomena in many languages (Ladd 1980, 1996; Bolinger 1986, 1989). Type and location of prosodic prominence and prosodic phrase boundaries, different overall intonational contours, and changes in intensity, duration, and speaking rate can, in appropriate contexts, help to indicate syntactic attachment, disambig...

Politeness strategies are employed cross-linguistically as a means of navigating interactions and negotiating relationships. We model the use of such strategies as kind of trust game where relationships between individuals are expressed in terms of other-regarding preferences. We demonstrate how politeness functions as a kind of currency for efficient social exchange.

In this article, Beata Śmigielska describes the questions used to determine number and nature of arguments predicates within framework Stanisław Karolak’s semantics-based grammar. Since syntactic structures do not directly reflect semantic predicates, distinction between adjunct elements (modifiers) often becomes problematic. This fact is related lack a single methodology by which can be done i...

We present a part of broader research on word order aiming at finding factors influencing word order in Czech (i.e. in an inflectional language) and their intensity. The main aim of the paper is to test a hypothesis that obligatory adverbials (in terms of the valency) follow the non-obligatory (i.e. optional) ones in the surface word order. The determined hypothesis was tested by creating a lis...