BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common, chronic disease worldwide. The weekly prevalence of reflux in developed countriesis 10% to 48%. It has previously been reported as 5% in Asian countries, but new reports show a higher level in both Asian and Arab countries. In Iran, reflux has increased over the last two decades. There are few studies concerning the prevalence of refluxin ...

Eutrophication phenomenon is one of the most common water quality problems in reservoirs in many regions. Determining the trophic status of the reservoirs is not a precise process and contains vagueness. Fuzzy set and entropy theories are concepts which can model uncertainty and imprecision in the data and the analysis. In this study, an Entropy-based Fuzzy Eutrophication Index model has been d...

Iran as a developing nation is in epidemiological transition from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Although, cancer is the third cause of death in Iran, it;s mortality are on the rise during recent decades. This mini-review was carried out to provide a general viewpoint on common cancers incidence in Iran and to explain incidental differences that may help us to establish early detect...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is amathematical programmingapproach for evaluating the relative efficiency of decision making units (DMUs) in organizations. The conventionalDEAmethods require accuratemeasurement of both the inputs and outputs. However, the observed values of the input and output data in real-world problems are often imprecise or vague. Fuzzy set theory is widely used to quanti...

in applications there occur different forms of uncertainty. the twomost important types are randomness (stochastic variability) and imprecision(fuzziness). in modelling, the dominating concept to describe uncertainty isusing stochastic models which are based on probability. however, fuzzinessis not stochastic in nature and therefore it is not considered in probabilisticmodels.since many years t...