سیستم های پرداخت با تحولات فناوری دچار تغییر فراوانی شده اند؛ به گونه ای که بسیاری از مبادلات و معامالات مالی بدون رد و بدل شدن پول کاغذی صورت می گیرد. این تحولات منجر به تغییراتی در تقاضای پول و حساسیت آن به متغیرهای تأثیرگذار در تابع تقاضای پول شده است. به همین جهت در مقاله حاضر به بررسی اثر رشد پرداخت های الکترونیکی بر سهم اسکناس و مسکوک [i] از پول مبتنی بر مدل تقاضای بامول توبین [ii]و با به...

The performance of banking system in attracting deposits, loan payment and inside money creation may cause the economy facing with potential challenges. Misallocation of resources in banking system and intensifying stagflation, monetary disequilibrium and transmitting its outcomes to real sector, the problems due to differences in maturity date and deviation in allocation of banking credits t...

The impact of monetary policy on nominal and real variables in the economy is very important and controversial issues in monetary economics. Thus, the interaction between the real and monetary sectors, are the questions that different schools of economic have different responses and assumptions in this design is neutral and super-neutral of money in the long run. Accordingly, the acceptance or ...

Various definitions of death are provided in medicine and it is divided into real, exterior and brain ones, but one state that has a close imminency with death and sometimes is mistaken with it is the "vegetative state". Basically, one is not deemed dead in the aforesaid state contrary to the forms of death and he enjoys life. In the case law, judges and forensic physicians always dis...