background whooping cough is caused by bordetella pertussis, and it remains a public health concern. whole-cell pertussis vaccines have been commonly employed for expanded immunization. there is no doubt of the efficacy of whole cell pertussis vaccine, but it is necessary to improve the vaccine to decrease its toxicity. objectives in this study, an inactivation process of dealing with pertussis...

Diagnosis of infectious diseases remains an important issue in medical science. Identification of biomarkers can be used to predict early infections. Recently, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been known as the conserved compounds expressed under stress conditions in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. These proteins act as molecular chaperones. Several studies showed the increased levels o...

Septic bacterial pneumonias are a major cause of death worldwide. Several of the highest priority bioterror concerns, including anthrax, tularemia, and plague, are caused by bacteria that acutely infect the lung. Bacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics is increasingly common. Although vaccines may be our best defense against antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there has been little progress in ...

Objective(s):Typhoid fever is a dreadful disease of a major threat to public health in developing countries. Vaccination with bacterial immunodominant components such as surface proteins may prove as a potent alternative to live attenuated vaccines. InvH, an important part of needle complex in type three secretion system (TTSS) plays important role in efficient bacterial adherence and entry int...

Dam methylation is an essential factor involved in the virulence of an increasing number of bacterial pathogens including Salmonella enterica. Lack of Dam methylation causes severe attenuation in animal models. It has been proposed that dysregulation of Dam activity is potentially a general strategy for the generation of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. In this review, we focus our attenti...

DNA vaccines have great potential as preventive or therapeutic vaccines against viral, bacterial, or parasitic diseases as well as cancer, and may also be used as gene therapy products. Although many human and veterinary DNA vaccines have been investigated in laboratory trials, only four of these have been approved for commercial use. In this paper an overview of the regulatory requirements for...

Prophylactic immunisation against infectious disease has been the most successful medical intervention yet in reducing mortality. From the introduction of vaccination against smallpox at the end of the eighteenth century, there has been continuous progress in producing safe and effective vaccines against a number of common diseases. These vaccines were bacterial toxoids (diphtheria and tetanus)...

Whooping cough and diphtheria are vaccine preventable diseases. Diphtheria, due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae or Corynebactium ulcerans, two Gram positive bacteria, is a serious upper respiratory tract disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. Vaccination, via an acellular vaccine composed only of purified, detoxified diphtheria toxin, has significantly reduced the incidence of the dise...

BCG, only vaccine available to prevent tuberculosis, was established in the early 20th century by prolonged passaging of a virulent clinical strain of Mycobacterium bovis. BCG Tokyo-172, originally distributed within Japan in 1924, is one of the currently used reference substrains for the vaccine. Recently, this substrain was reported to contain two spontaneously arising, heterogeneous subpopul...