a difference in salt concentration in two solutions separated by a membrane leads to an electrical potential difference across the membrane, also without applied current. a literature study is presented on proposed theories for the origin of this membrane potential (ϕm). the most well-known theoretical description is teorell-meyer-sievers (tms) theory, which we analyze and extend. experimental ...

one of the chief principles of philosophical teachings is to explain the position of human in the world; the problem has been followed by different views as that of friedrich wilhelm nietzsche, the theory of superman. opposing preceded approaches, nietzsche sought not only to redefine this position but also to react appropriately considering the crises caused by modernity. that is how this theo...

the auther first defines that a theory is an interrrelated set of definitions and propositions, put forth to anticipate and explain the phenomena by dint of recognizing the relation between factors.the developmental theory, ascientific theory based on genetic methods aims to render a new organizattioin of the data and the relevant knowledge.upon this, piaget proviedes a co-variational relation ...

In this paper, on the basis of a new strain gradient elasticity theory, wave propagation in rectangular nanoplates by considering in-plane magnetic field is studied. This strain gradient theory has two gradient parameters and has the ability to compare with the nonlocal elasticity theory. From the best knowledge of author, it is the first time that this theory is used for investigating wave pro...

one of the most significant issues in meta–ethics is moral realism, which has been criticized so much. one of the main criticisms of it has been offered by j.l. mackie. he believes that moral properties depend upon our feelings and emotions and they don't refer to reality; so, they have no causal explanation and cannot give us any knowledge. therefore any judgment about moral properties is...