This article discusses the Islamic experiences in two coastal areas of Sumatra, east and west coasts, late nineteenth early twentieth centuries. The discussions focus one ways difference systems politics created necessary condition for rise expressions Islam. existence Malay kingdoms coast appeared to be a leading factor establishment kingdom-oriented Islam, different from stateless which gave ...

This article examines the content of the Middle East term in terms of international relations. The term of East which goes back to ancient times, has been used to describe the rest, outside of Europe in cultural expressions instead of a geographical region to portray opposite world for centuries. Since the Crusades, East (Orient) was identified with Islam and West (Occident) became identical wi...

Medical history explains that Persian physicians used scientific methods based on clinical experiences and observations for treatment from pre-Islamic time (before 637 AD) and centuries later (in the Islamic era). Rhazes was one of the Persian physicians acknowledged as a pharmacist, chemist and prominent scientific writer on various subjects of medicine and philosophy. In this study, we aimed ...

Located at the confluence of the Turko-Islamic and Slavic-Christian worlds, Kazan, the capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, a semiautonomous region of Russia, is populated by roughly even numbers of Muslim Tatars and Eastern Orthodox Russians. The city is separately important to each group’s national history. For the Tatars, it is remembered as the seat of their Islamic state that held sway ov...

Abstract Although most accounts of Christian encounters with Muslims in the period between eleventh and thirteenth centuries pay particular attention to conflict violence, a body hagiographical texts emanating from monastic circles points different kind approach. In this article I foreground three examples Italo-Greek saints’ lives tenth early which saints question treat whom they encounter as ...

Islamic Finance is more than an asset class – it is a way of life lived by 1.6 billion Muslims around the world. But its reach goes even further – non-Islamic countries, governments, and businesses, have all invested in or issued Islamic securities for one reason or another. With the ongoing push of globalization of trade and finance, Islamic financial flows, long a localized phenomenon, have b...

Department of Community Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Department of Internal Medicine, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Institute of Education, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Islamic University, Malaysia. Department of Family Medicine,...