abstract the problems caused by the traditional system of criminal justice (which are based on remuneration and rehabilitation) such as, lack of attention to victim’s rights and position and society, underlie the emergence of restorative justice which had the victim-centered perspective, with respect to the role of the offender and participation of civil society. meanwhile, criminal mediation ...

learning english is very popular all over the world nowadays and it is considered a high prestigious language among citizens of different societies. one of the most important materials for learning a new language are textbooks. the debate that whether learning a new language is natural and neutral or ideological and influential on people’s worldviews, has always been of great importance.

A brief definition of political culture refers to the attitude and insight of each individual towards the political system, political figures, and their functions and duties, as well as the attitude of political figures towards the role and position of the people in the political system. According to this definition, the total expectations of the people of the state institution and the total ex...

acknowledge the importance of e-commerce to their countries and to survival of their businesses and in creating and encouraging an atmosphere for the wide adoption and success of e-commerce in the long term. the investment for implementing e-commerce in the public sector is one of the areas which is focused in government‘s action plan for cross-disciplinary it development and e-readiness in go...

Given the large contribution of government investment in the economy of Iran through spending on infrastructure budgets,resources distribution among the provinces was always one of the major problems in the economy. Distribution of budget among provinces theoriticalyis based on tactical and/or programmatic approach. In tactical approach, redistributive policyof the central government is based o...

The major objective of this paper is to determine the impact of inappropriate planning on economic function and further to explain the link between oil rent and rural development. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical one. However, this analysis is geared toward combination of institutionalized pattern with emphasis on dependency upon marched path and political economy rent. Th...

This article examines the implications of globalization for development planning in Iran, and tries to give suggestions to the policy-makers with the aim of establishing constructive interactions with globalization in the context of Iran's development plans. Needless to mention, such development plans, as national documents, are influenced by ideas of policy makers. To these ends, the article f...