The cost minimization problem in an agency model with imperfect monitoring is considered. Under the ®rst order approach, this can be stated as a convex minimization problem with linear inequality and equality constraints in a generally in®nite dimensional function space. We apply the Fenchel Duality Theorem, and obtain as a dual problem a concave maximization problem of ®nite dimension. In part...

background: the purpose of this study was to assess the energy and nutritional intakes of female aerobic athletes in two different social - economic classes.   methods: the subjects were 99 female aerobic athletes aged between 15 to 50 years old. the dietary and energy intakes were based on 2 day 24 hours food recall. the demographic details were assessed by anthropometric measurements includin...

Although a comprehensive framework for most of the theoretical foundations of duality has been available to economists since the seminal work by Shephard in 1953, empirical applications of duality have become popular mainly during the last ten years. The first empirical study which I am aware of that exploited duality theory is the one by Nerlove in 1963 which estimated a CobbDouglas cost funct...

Sharing common production, resources and services to reduce cost are important for not for profit operations due to limited and mission-oriented budget and effective cost allocation mechanisms are essential for encouraging effective collaborations. In this paper, we illustrate how rigorous methodologies can be developed to derive effective cost allocations to facilitate sustainable collaboratio...

a comprehensive assessment of drought environmental and socio-economic impacts provides critical information to rational decisions supporting drought mitigation policies and programs. the objectives of this study were to survey environmental and socio-economic impacts of drought in guilan province, and prioritize them from the viewpoint of paddy farmers. this study was a descriptive-correlation...

the research discussed in this article consists of the process ended to propos a structure for social welfare and security which took more than 11 months in social security research institute. the main topics discussed are as follows: 1- the importance of social security and its relationship to economic growth, social justice, human generosity and national honor. 2- the basis and opportunities ...

Studies examining the relationship between globalisation and the welfare state tend to focus on the effects of economic dimensions of globalisation, the extent to which a country is part of the world market. Globalisation also has a social and political dimension and their effects on welfare states – in terms of social security transfers and generosity – are studied in this article. Data from t...