background: the impact of cadmium (cd) on male infertility may be related to the interaction with metal-binding proteins known as metallothioneins (mts). trace elements like zinc (zn) have protective effects on testicular damage induced by cd. objective: we determined the effect of zn and low-dose cd pre-treatment on the expression of mt1 and mt2 genes on testicular sertoli cells. materials and...

In this chapter an artificial problem solver inspired in natural genotype/phenotype systems — gene expression programming — is presented. As an introduction, the fundamental differences between gene expression programming and its predecessors, genetic algorithms and genetic programming, are briefly summarized so that the evolutionary advantages of gene expression programming are better understo...

bovine ephemeral fever (bef) is an acute epidemic disease in cattle and water buffalo, spanning tropical and subtropical zones of asia, australia, and africa. in recent years, bef has been distributed in many provinces of iran and caused economic losses. in this study the sequence encoding the g1 epitope of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv) g glycoprotein was amplified by pcr, ligated into th...

introduction: kainic acid (ka) induces neuropathological changes in specific regions of the mouse hippocampus comparable to changes seen in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (tle). according to different studies, the expression of a number of genes are altered in the adult rat hippocampus after status epilepticus (se) induced by ka. this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate changes...

background: after radiation therapy (rt), some health hazards including dna damages may occur where melatonin can play a protective role due to free radical generation. on the other hand, serious accidental overexposures may occur during rt due to nuclear accidents which necessitate the need for study on exposure to high-dose radiations during treatments. objective: the aim of this study was to...

objective(s): the link between a hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and the development of diabetes later in life has been observed in offspring exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (gdm), but the underlying mechanisms for this phenomenon are still not clear. reduced β-cells mass is a determinant in the development of diabetes (type 1 and type 2 diabetes). some recent studies have provi...

background: the aim of this study was to detect the prognostic significance of survivin level and the expression of total p53 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (all) and its correlation to patients' outcome. methods: sixty two children newly diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with chemotherapy and followed up for 2 years or until death. twenty apparently healthy volunteers w...

background: there are only four drugs for treating african trypanosomiasis, a devastating disease in sub-saharan africa. with slow discovery of better drugs, vaccination is viewed as the best method of control. we previously showed that antibodies to native trypanosoma brucei brucei tubulin inhibit the growth of trypanosomes in culture. here, we aimed to determine the effect of antibodies to ba...

abstract       background and objectives: more candida albicans strains are reported resistant to fluconazole in patients with aids, cancer and organ recipients. fluconazole resistance can be attributed to changes in pathways of sterol biosynthesis, mutation in or overexpression of erg11 and the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and mdr1. this study aimed to compare the expression of cdr1, cdr2, and md...