Aligning Financial Incentives (FIs) to health policy goals is becoming increasingly popular. In many cases, such initiatives have failed to deliver anticipated benefits. Attributing this to the actions of self-interested and resistant professionals is not an entirely helpful approach. It is important to avoid simplistic assumptions to build knowledge of how and why schemes are implemented in pr...

In the principal-agent relationship that characterizes the policy-making process, unified agency and observability of agent actions clarify responsibility for policy outcomes. We show that when policy making is sequential, these institutional features can interact with negative consequences for the welfare of political principals. In equilibrium, the principal behaves in a way that induces the ...

Scotland is a small nation within the United Kingdom (UK) that has recently had a high degree of autonomy over health policy, such that it has adopted a very different direction, not only from England, but also many other health systems around the world. Under a narrative of mutuality, Scottish health policy is based on partnership; working across government, health and social care services, pr...

Abstract Accountability is a cornerstone of the governance artificial intelligence (AI). However, it often defined too imprecisely because its multifaceted nature and sociotechnical structure AI systems imply variety values, practices, measures to which accountability in can refer. We address this lack clarity by defining terms answerability, identifying three conditions possibility (authority ...