there are several factors influencing the water quality based on its usage. the quality of drinking water is of the vital concern for human health and life. an essential attempt has to be done to develop a water quality index (wqi) corresponding with different conditions and characteristics of the relevant river or water body such as geographical, hydrological, discharge rate and pollution sou...

we analyze a sequential decision making process, in which at each stepthe decision is made in two stages. in the rst stage a partially optimalaction is chosen, which allows the decision maker to learn how to improveit under the new environment. we show how inertia (cost of changing)may lead the process to converge to a routine where no further changesare made. we illustrate our scheme with som...

This paper introduces multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) into group decision making to propose a multi-criteria group decision making model for credit risk analysis. This model can not only deal with multi-criteria and complicated practical problems, but also reduce individual subjective preference to support group decision-making. In this model, experts’ opinion is integrated by post-expert...

Background The inclusion of cost-effectiveness data, as a basis for priority setting rankings, is a distinguishing feature in the formulation of the Swedish national guidelines. Guidelines are generated with the direct intent to influence health policy and support decisions about the efficient allocation of scarce healthcare resources. Certain medical conditions may be given higher priority ran...

Multi-criteria group decision-making is a process in which decision makers assess the performance of alternatives on the basis of conflicting criteria to opt the most worthy alternative as solution. TOPSIS and ELECTRE are effective and commonly used methods to solve multiple criteria decision-making problems. The aim of this study is to propose two new models, namely, complex Pythagorean fuzzy ...